Very short:

1.Name the material of which white and yellow fibres are composed.

Ans: The white fibres composed of collagen protein and yellow fibres is composed of elastin protein.

 

2.Which cells of the areolar tissue produce heparin and histamine?

Ans:Mast cells of the areolar tissue produce heparin and histamine.

 

3.What is function of tendons?

Ans:Function of tendon is to provide mechanical protection against stretch.

 

4.Give the role of ligament?

Ans:Ligament binds bone with bone.

 

5.What is  ligament?

Ans:Ligament is connective tissue which attaches bones and provides support at joints.

 

6.State four important function of blood.

Ans:Four important function of blood areas;

i.Transport oxygen.

ii.They maintain a constant blood osmotic pressure and PH.

iii.Transport hormones from the glands.

iv.Provide the defence the body against diseases.

 

7.What is the Name of the Process which form blood corpuscles?

Ans:The Name of the Process which form blood corpuscles are;

i.The RBCs are formed by haemopoiesis.

ii.The WBCs are formed by Leukemia.

 

8.What is the role of blood platelets?

Ans:They play important role in initiating the formation of a blood clot.

 

9.Which is the hardest tissue of body?

Ans:The hardest tissue of the body, covering part or all of the crown of the tooth in mammals. Enamel, when mature, consists predominantly of apatite crystals containing calcium and phosphate.

 

10.Name the fluid Tissues.

Ans:Blood and Lymphoid are fluid tissues.

 

11.What is the nerve cell called?

Ans:The nerve cell called Neuron, which is unit of nervous system.

 

12.Name the  kind of tissue Which forms the inner lining of the blood vessels.

Ans:Epithelial tissue (simple squamous epithelium) forms the inner lining of blood vessels.

 

13.What are Axons?

Ans:One of the processes of the cyton becomes long and unbranched called axon.

14.Name the thick and thin proteins of muscles fibres.

Ans:Myofilaments are the filaments of myofibrils constructed from proteins.

 

 

Short answer-

1.Give an account of the areolar tissue.

Ans:  These tissues are Loose, irregularly arranged connective tissue, that consists of collagenous and elastic fibers, a protein polysaccharide ground substance, and connective tissue cells e.g. white collagen fibres, yellow elastic fibres, fibrocytes, macorophages, mast cells. Areolar tissue acts as supporting and packing tissues.

Areolar tissue is found in many locations around the body. One important area is the skin (areolar tissue is found in both the dermis and sub-cutaneous layers of the skin. The areolar tissue located in the skin binds the outer layers of the skin to the muscles beneath. Areolar tissue is also found in or around mucous membranes, and around blood vessels, nerves, and the organs of the body.
Through out the human body-it keeps your skin from hanging loosely.

                 

 

 

2.Describe the microscopic structure of the following with diagram.

a.Compact bone

b.Stretified epithelium

c.Adipose tissue

Ans:The microscopic structure of the;

a.Compact bone:

The microscopic structure of compact bone consists of many similar units called osteons or Haversian systems . These are laid down in regular vertical concentric circles of hard material called lamellae . Small spaces between the lamellae are known as lacuna and osteocytes are housed here. Between each lacunae run tiny canals called canaliculi . These canals link each cell to ensure a constant supply of essential nutrients and oxygen is maintained. They also connect with a central canal that is found in the centre of each osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves.

 

Fig: structure of compact bone

 

b.Stratified epithelium:

It is formed of several layers of epithelial cells called multi-layered tissue. The upper layered cells are formed from the multiplication of innermost layered cells. Therefore, the innermost layered cells are known as germinative layer. The cells of lower layer rest on basement membrane.

 

c.Adipose tissue:

                                             Fig; Adipose tissue

Adipose Tissue is a loose fibrous connective tissue packed with many cells called adipocytes that are specialized for storage of triglycerides more commonly referred to as fats. Each adipocyte cell is filled with a single large droplet of triglyceride . As this occupies most of the volume of the cell, its cytoplasm, nucleus, and other components are pushed towards the edges of the cell - which is bounded by the plasma membrane also known as the cell membrane.

 

3.What are Leucocytes? Mentain their different kinds.

Ans:

White blood cells are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. They live for about 3 to 4 days in the average human body. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. They are of two types;

i.Granulocytes:

These have lobated nuclei and fine granules, are found in red bone marrow. The life span is 1:4 hrs. They are Eosinophils, Basophils,  Neutrophils.

ii.Agranulocytes:

These have oval nuclei without granules, are formed in red bone marrow and lymph nodes. They form 28% of WBCs. They are Lymphocytes, monocytes.

 

4.Different between the following

a.Blood and lymph

b.Ligaments and tendons.

c.White and yellow fibres

d.Fibres and reticular tissue

e.Hyaline and Elastic  cartilage

f.Compact and spongy bony

Blood and lymph:

Blood:

1. Blood is red in colour due to presence of RBCs.

2. Blood plasma contains RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

3. It contains diffusible and non-diffusible proteins like albumin, globulin and fibrinogen.

4. It can clot due to presence of more amount of fibrinogen.

5. It carries more O₂ and more digested food.

Lymph:

1. Lymphs are colourless due to absence of RBCs.

2. The lymph plasma contains WBCs.

3. It contains diffusible proteins.

4. It clotes slowly due to presence of less fibrinogen.

5. It carries less O₂ and less digested products.

Ligaments and tendons:

Ligaments:

1.Join the bones to bones at joints.

2.Matrix contains yellow elastic fibres.

3.Fibrocytes are scattered in the matrix.

Tendon:

1.Join the skeletal muscles to bones.

2.Matrix contains white collagen fibres.

3.Fibrocytes are arranged between the rows of fibres.

 

White and yellow fibres:

White fibre	Yellow fibre
1.Unbranched	1.Branched
2.Arranged in bundles	2.Arranged singly
3.made up of collagen	3.made up of elastin
4.Wavely outline	4.straight

Hyaline cartilage and Elastic cartilage:

Hyaline cartilage:

1.It is flexible and somewhat elastic.

2.Its matrix consists of thin white collagen fibres.

3.It is found at surfaces of bones, larynx and trachea.

 Elastic cartilage:

1.It is more flexible and more elastic.

2.Its matrix consists of yellow elastic fibres.

3.It is found in the external ears, Eustachian tube and epiglottis.

Compact and spongy bone:

Compact bone:

1.Its matrix is solid, hard and without any spaces

2.It forms the shaft of long bone.

3.It is filled with yellow marrow.

Spongy bone:

1.Its matrix is rather loose, spongy and with many spaces

2.It forms the expended ends of long bone.

3.It is filled with red bone marrow.

 

4.How you will justify that blood is a tissue?

Ans:Blood is considered a connective tissue because it has a matrix. The living cell types are red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, and white blood cells, also called leukocytes . The fluid portion of whole blood, its matrix, is commonly called plasma. Blood is a tissue comprised of four components: plasma, red and white blood cells and platelets. It is connective tissue. i.e. cells of connective tissue (blood) separated by an inorganic material (plasma). Plasma is the extracellular matrix .

 

5.State the functions of blood.

Ans:Blood has three main three  functions:

1.Transport

Blood transports the following substances:

1.Gases, namely oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), between the lungs and rest of the body.

2.Nutrients from the digestive tract and storage sites to the rest of the body.

3.Waste products to be detoxified or removed by the liver and kidneys.

4.Hormones from the glands in which they are produced to their target cells.

5.Heat to the skin so as to help regulate body temperature.

2.Protection

Blood has several roles in inflammation:

1.Leukocytes, or white blood cells, destroy invading microorganisms and cancer cells.

2.Antibodies and other proteins destroy pathogenic substances.

3.Platelet factors initiate blood clotting and help minimise blood loss.

3.Regulation

Blood helps regulate:

1.pH by interacting with acids and bases.

2.Water balance by transferring water to and from tissues.

 

6.Give an account of the areolar tissue.

Ans: These tissues are Loose, irregularly arranged connective tissue, that consists of collagenous and elastic fibers, a protein polysaccharide ground substance, and connective tissue cells e.g. white collagen fibres, yellow elastic fibres, fibrocytes, macorophages, mast cells. Areolar tissue acts as supporting and packing tissues.

           

 

 

7.State four important functions of blood.

Ans: Four important functions of blood are as follows;

1.Blood transport Gases, namely oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), between the lungs and rest of the body.

2.Blood transport Nutrients from the digestive tract and storage sites to the rest of the body.

3.They mentain a constant blood osmotic pressure and pH.

4.They provide the defense the body against diseases.

 

8.How striated muscle fibre differs from unstraited type?

Ans: Striated muscle fibre differs from unstraited type due to,Straited produces movements and unstraited do not. Straited are multinucleated and unstraited are uni-nucleated. Straited has straitions of regular white and black band and unstraited is simple and smooth. Striated muscle are voluntary while non -striated muscles are involuntary. Striated muscle r control by nervous system while non - striated muscles are control by chemical control system. Striated muscles show rapid action while non- striated muscles show slow action of work.

 

9.Difference between the following

a.Anisotropic and isotropic bands

b.Striated and non-striated muscles

c.Actin and myosin

Anisotropic and isotropic bands:

Isotropic bands are skeletal muscle cells  that form the light bands (I bands) that contribute to the striated pattern of the cells. Isotropic bands indicate the behavior of polarized light as it passes through I bands.

The anisotropic band of skeletal muscle is a complex structural assembly of the protein myosin and associated nonmyosin components. It is unable to indicate the behavior of polarized light as it passes through I bands.

Striated and non-striated muscles:

Straited produces movements and unstraited do not. Straited are multinucleated and unstraited are uni-nucleated. Straited has straitions of regular white and black band and unstraited is simple and smooth. Striated muscle are voluntary while non -striated muscles are involuntary. Striated muscle r control by nervous system while non - striated muscles are control by chemical control system. Striated muscles show rapid action while non- striated muscles show slow action of work.

Actin and myosin:

In muscle, actin is the major component of thin filaments, which, together with the motor protein myosin (which forms thick filaments), are arranged into actomyosin myofibrils. These fibrils comprise the mechanism of muscle contraction. Actins are generally thin filaments and myosins are characterised as thick filaments. where myosin uses cellular energy to move along the actin, the actin is the passive partner in the process. Myosin and actin are the protein types responsible for muscle movement, as well as movement in many other types of cells. Because they have such a widespread role, myosin and actin are crucial proteins for many forms of life.

 

10.How striated muscles fibre differs from unstrained type?

Ans: Striated muscle fibre differs from unstraited type due to,Straited produces movements and unstraited do not. Straited are multinucleated and unstraited are uni-nucleated. Straited has straitions of regular white and black band and unstraited is simple and smooth. Striated muscle are voluntary while non -striated muscles are involuntary. Striated muscle r control by nervous system while non - striated muscles are control by chemical control system. Striated muscles show rapid action while non- striated muscles show slow action of work.