Short Questions:

1. Explain how physical science differs from biological science?

Physical science differs from biological science, cohesive and adhesive forces of liquids result in the phenomena of surface tension and capillarity which helps in certain life processes. Physical science has techniques and analytical instruments which are applied in the advance study of life sciences light induces definite patterns of responses in plant and animals.

 

2. How are social sciences based upon biological science?

Study of human behavior, social relationship and antisocial relationships needs idea of biological science. For example, investigation on criminals and terrorists requires the study of human nervous system and study of glands, hormones, etc. It also requires the knowledge of principles of inheritance, pedigree analysis, etc.

 

 

3. How does nutrition in plants and animals differs?

It is a part of physiological process related with food in which complex food simplifies into absorbable food. After absorption utilizes during body growth, body metabolic activities, physical or chemical activities, synthesis of enzymes and hormones, change worn out body portion and give energy, etc. Based upon the nature of the foods, nutrition classified into three types:

The Autotrophic nutrition is shown by all kinds of green organism such as green plants. They manufactured food by themselves through the process of photosynthesis. So it is called as non- dependable organism.

The Heterotrophic nutrition is shown by all kinds of animals. They depend upon the others as the source of the food. The sub types of heterotrophic are;

a. Holozoic nutrition

b. Holophytic nutrition

c. Saprozoic nutrition

d. Saprophytic nutrition

e. Parasitic nutrition

 

 

4. Mention similar life processes that occur in plants and animals.

The similar life process occurs animal and plant are described below,

1.Respiration: It is defined as the process for releasing energy in the form of ATPs.

Steps of respiration:

A) External respiration:

a. Breathing

b. Exchange of gases

B) Internal respiration:

a. Oxidation of food

b. Release of energy

Types of respiration:

a. Aerobic

b. Anaerobic

Plants and animals respire in similar ways but only differs in definite respiratory organs found only in the animals not in the plants.

2. Nutrition:

It is a part of physiological process related with food in which complex   into absorbable food. After absorption utilizes during body growth, body metabolic activities, physical or chemical activities, synthesis of enzymes and hormones, change worn out body portion and give energy, etc. Based upon the nature of the foods, nutrition classified into three types:

3. Adaptations:

Any change in an organism that makes it slowly or rapidly better suited to its environment is called adaptation. The adaptation may be short term or long term. The adaptation may be short term and long term adaptation.

4. Death:

It is an inherent part of an organism’s life cycle. The period from birth till death is called life span. Ageing may be defined as deterioration in structure and function of the body cells, tissues and organs of an animal.

5. Levels of organization: They both show a high level of organization.

6. Molecular basis of life: Both plants and animal have their simple molecular basis of life. The body is made up of small molecules like amino acids, protein,

carbohydrates etc.

 

 

5. Discuss biology as a science of exceptions.

By following reason the Biology is a science of exception

1. Euglena shows both plant and animals characters. It lacks cell wall but bears chloroplast.

2. Virus is a living organism but it lacks the cellular organization.

3. DNA is double stranded whereas in bacteriophage it is single stranded.

4. Mangroves produce respiratory roots which grow towards light against gravity.

5. Animals must become adults to reproduce but larval stages of salamander can reproduce.

 

 

6. Discuss what short term adaptation are found in organism.

The short term adaptation found in organism are

a. The human skin becomes dark on exposure to sunlight for a long time. This is because of the accumulation of melanin pigments in the top layer of the skin.

b. Dormant seeds suspend their metabolic activities during dormant period. In favorable conditions, dormancy is broken and the seeds germinate.

 

 

7. Discuss what long term adaptation are found in organism.

The long term adaptation is

a. Thick tail of kangaroo is used as a fifth limb to support the body weight.

b. The ankles bones of humans protrude backwards and help stand erect.

c. The limbs bones of horses and deer are modified for swift running.

 

 

8. What is the significance of Death?

The Significance of death is,

a. Death maintains the number of individuals in a population. It is necessary because of the limitation of food and space.

b. The dead and decaying body of organisms is decomposed by microbes. They decomposed the complex organic compounds into simple inorganic forms. These are returned into environment and maintain the ecological balance.

 

 

9. What are the career oriented branches of biology?

Biological members such as plants and animals have been utilizing in various fields because of their importance. The major or importance or scope of biology is as follows:
Anthropology
The science of man and mankind including the study of the physical and mental constitution of man.
It also deals cultural development, social condition, as exhibited by both in present and past.
Biomedical engineering
Branch of engineering dealing with the production of spare parts for man.
Artificial limbs, heart, lungs and other machines to help impaired body functions are the product of Bio medical engineering used by the doctors.
Biotechnology
it deals with the use of living organisms or of substances obtained from them in industrial process. The science of processing and preservation of healthy foods. The application of science for the manufacture of milk products is called Dairy technology.
Culture: the rearing of honey bees, bee keeping especially for commercial purposes.
Fishery: The industry of rearing and catching fishes or other products of the sea, lakes, rivers or ponds.
Sericulture: the breeding and treatment of silkworms for producing raw silk.
Entomology deals with the structure, habits, and classification of insects.

Genetic Engineering: It involves genetic manipulation to produce an organism with a new combination to improve the heredity.
The production of improved verities by selecting mating is called breeding.
Application of scientific knowledge to question civil and criminal laws is called forensic science.

Medicine: The science of treating diseases with drugs or curative substances.
The science dealing with structure, function and use of microscopic organisms is called microbiology.
The science dealing with the nature of diseases their causes, symptoms and effects is called pathology.
The branch of medicine, involving physical operations to cure diseases or injuries to the body is called Surgery.
The science of knowledge of drugs and preparation of medicine is called pharmacology.

 

 

10. Write about some instrument and techniques of life sciences.

Biology is a science of life. It deals with living organism which shows enormous variations and are capable of change phenomena associated with life processes that show deviations or exceptions. Some instruments and techniques of life science are Electron microscope, used an electron beam. Radio isotopes, radioactive isotopes of elements as tracer molecules.

X – ray deification, used of x – ray to study dimensions.

Chromatography, Absorption of liquids.

 

11. What are the main features of organization?

Living things are highly organized in a "hierarchical" manner: lower levels of organization are progressively integrated to make up higher levels. The building blocks of matter, called atoms, lie at the base of life's organizational structure.

Atoms come together to form molecules that consist of a defined number of atoms organized in a particular spatial arrangement. For example, a molecule of water is

One atom of oxygen bonded to two atoms of hydrogen, with each atom arranged in a very precise way. Molecules in turn form what are called organelles, which are highly organized structures within a cell that carry out specific cellular functions. For example, mitochondria transform the energy from food into an energy form your body can use.

Aggregation, interaction, equilibrium and change are the basic qualities of the organization.

Aggregation: It is the collection of the things to be a whole structure.

Interaction: It is the coordination between particles.

Equilibrium: It is the relation between the particles.

 

12. Discuss life as an expression of energy.

All forms of life require regular supply of energy for their survival. Green plants trap solar energy and synthesize food by photosynthesis. This chemical energy in the body is then transformed into many other forms. The living body stores this energy in the form of ATP and uses this ATP for various functions.

Energy follows the law of thermodynamics.

First law of thermodynamics – Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change forms. In any process, the total energy of the universe remains the same.

Second law of thermodynamics – It stated that in every step of energy transformations some amount of energy is lost.

 

 

13. Discuss the molecular basis of life.

Biological matter is comprised of small molecules (e.g., water), macromolecules (biopolymers), supramolecular assemblies or macromolecular complexes. Spatial packing or folding of macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids or polysaccharides, is regulated by intramolecular interactions, which occur between segments of the same molecule. Equally important for the 3D structure of macromolecules are intermolecular interactions with solvent molecules (constituted by water molecules in biological systems), ions, and various small molecules from the cytosol. Intermolecular interactions between macromolecules are mostly conducive to formation of supramolecular structures such as protein complexes, which could be either transitory (e.g., binding of oxygen to hemoglobin) or permanent, relative to the lifespan of a cell or a superior organism (e.g. the tetrameric complex of hemoglobin).

 

 

14. Write about the levels of organization.

Living things are highly organized in a "hierarchical" manner: lower levels of organization are progressively integrated to make up higher levels. The building blocks of matter, called atoms, lie at the base of life's organizational structure.

Atoms come together to form molecules that consist of a defined number of atoms organized in a particular spatial arrangement. For example, a molecule of water is

One atom of oxygen bonded to two atoms of hydrogen, with each atom arranged in a very precise way. Molecules in turn form what are called organelles, which are highly organized structures within a cell that carry out specific cellular functions. For example, mitochondria transform the energy from food into an energy form your body can use.

Aggregation, interaction, equilibrium and change are the basic qualities of the organization.

Aggregation: It is the collection of the things to be a whole structure.

Interaction: It is the coordination between particles.

Equilibrium: It is the relation between the particles.

Change: Living organism show changes according to the time and environment.

 

 

15. Discuss open system, steady state and homeostasis.

The system which depends upon continuous supply of energy and matter from outside is called open system. In open system the input of matter and energy is equal to the output. The system where the input and output in equal, it is called steady system.

The self-regulated system is called homeostasis.

 

 

Long Questions:

1. Define biology and discuss its scope.

Biology is a branch of science which deals with the living beings whereas other branch of science is called physical science deals with physic, chemistry, math, meteorology, etc.

The word biology is coined by two great scientists, John Baptist deLamarch and Trevivanus in 1802. In Biology which deals with the study of plants called botany and deals with the animals called zoology.

The father of botany was Theophrastus (370 – 287 B.C). Similarly father of zoology, embryology and founder of taxonomy was great philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C).

Scope of Biology:

Biological members such as plants and animals have been utilizing in various fields because of their importance. The major or importance or scope of biology is as follows:
Anthropology
The science of man and mankind including the study of the physical and mental constitution of man.
It also deals cultural development, social condition, as exhibited by both in present and past.
Biomedical engineering
Branch of engineering dealing with the production of spare parts for man.
Artificial limbs, heart, lungs and other machines to help impaired body functions are the product of Bio medical engineering used by the doctors.
Biotechnology
it deals with the use of living organisms or of substances obtained from them in industrial process. The science of processing and preservation of healthy foods. The application of science for the manufacture of milk products is called Dairy technology.
Culture: the rearing of honey bees, bee keeping especially for commercial purposes.
Fishery: The industry of rearing and catching fishes or other products of the sea, lakes, rivers or ponds.
Sericulture: the breeding and treatment of silkworms for producing raw silk.
Entomology deals with the structure, habits, and classification of insects.

Genetic Engineering: It involves genetic manipulation to produce an organism with a new combination to improve the heredity.
The production of improved verities by selecting mating is called breeding.
Application of scientific knowledge to question civil and criminal laws is called forensic science.

Medicine: The science of treating diseases with drugs or curative substances.
The science dealing with structure, function and use of microscopic organisms is called microbiology.
The science dealing with the nature of diseases their causes, symptoms and effects is called pathology.
The branch of medicine, involving physical operations to cure diseases or injuries to the body is called Surgery.
The science of knowledge of drugs and preparation of medicine is called pharmacology.

 

 

2. What are the characteristic features of living beings? Discuss.

The characteristic features of living beings are as follows,

Living beings totally differs from non-living beings in having various life processes such as;

1. Levels of Organization:Living things are highly organized in a "hierarchical" manner: lower levels of organization are progressively integrated to make up higher levels. The building blocks of matter, called atoms, lie at the base of life's organizational structure.

Atoms come together to form molecules that consist of a defined number of atoms organized in a particular spatial arrangement. For example, a molecule of water is

One atom of oxygen bonded to two atoms of hydrogen, with each atom arranged in a very precise way. Molecules in turn form what are called organelles, which are highly organized structures within a cell that carry out specific cellular functions. For example, mitochondria transform the energy from food into an energy form your body can use.

Aggregation, interaction, equilibrium and change are the basic qualities of the organization.

Aggregation: It is the collection of the things to be a whole structure.

Interaction: It is the coordination between particles.

Equilibrium: It is the relation between the particles.

Change: Living organism show changes according to the time and environment.

2.Respiration: It is defined as the process for releasing energy in the form of ATPs.

Steps of respiration:

A) External respiration:

a. Breathing

b. Exchange of gases

B) Internal respiration:

a. Oxidation of food

b. Release of energy

Types of respiration:

a. Aerobic

b. Anaerobic

Aerobic Respiration	Anaerobic Respiration
a.Respiration occurs in presence of oxygen.	a. Respiration occurs in absence of oxygen.
b. released more energy.	b. released less energy
c. It is very common.	c. It is rare and it is mainly shown by prokaryotic organism.
d. by products: CO₂ + H₂O +E	d. by products: C₂H₅OH +CO₂ +H₂O +E

 

Plants and animals respire in similar ways but only differ in definite respiratory organs found only in the animals not in the plants.

3.Nutrition:

It is a part of physiological process related with food in which complex food simplifies into absorbable food. After absorption utilizes during body growth, body metabolic activities, physical or chemical activities, synthesis of enzymes and hormones, change worn out body portion and give energy, etc. Based upon the nature of the foods, nutrition classified into three types:

a. Autotrophic nutrition: It is shown by all kinds of green organism such as green plants. They manufactured food by themselves through the process of photosynthesis. So it is called as non- dependable organism.

b. Chemotrophic nutrition: It is shown by primitive organism like bacteria which depends upon the chemicals as the source of their food. Eg; N₂ fixative bacteria food (NO₃ compound)

c. Heterotrophic nutrition: It is shown by all kinds of animals. They depends upon the others as the source of the food. The sub types of heterotrophic are;

a. Holozoic nutrition

b. Holophytic nutrition

c. Saprozoic nutrition

d. Saprophytic nutrition

e. Parasitic nutrition

4. Adaptations:

Any change in an organism that makes it slowly or rapidly better suited to its environment is called adaptation. The adaptation may be short term or long term.

Short term Adaptations:

a. The human skin becomes dark on exposure to sunlight for a long time. This is because of the accumulation of melanin pigments in the top layer of the skin.

b. Dormant seeds suspend their metabolic activities during dormant period. In favorable conditions, dormancy is broken and the seeds germinate.

Long term Adaptations:

a. Thick tail of kangaroo is used as a fifth limb to support the body weight.

b. The ankles bones of humans protrude backwards and help stand erect.

c. The limbs bones of horses and deer are modified for swift running.

5. Death:

It is an inherent part of an organism’s life cycle. The period from birth till death is called life span. Ageing may be defined as deterioration in structure and function of the body cells, tissues and organs of an animal.

Significance of death:

a. Death maintains the number of individuals in a population. It is necessary because of the limitation of food and space.

b. The dead and decaying body of organisms is decomposed by microbes. They decomposed the complex organic compounds into simple inorganic forms. These are returned into environment and maintain the ecological balance.

Importance roles of Death Cells:

a. Dead cuticle layer of leaves check transpiration.

b. In plants dead xylem vessels act as channels for conduction of water and minerals.

c. Dead tissues in animals like nails, horns, hooves, down feathers provide support and protection.

d. Dead tissues in plants like heartwood, cork, provide strength and support.

6. Molecular basis of life: Biological matter is comprised of small molecules (e.g., water), macromolecules (biopolymers), supramolecular assemblies or macromolecular complexes. Spatial packing or folding of macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids or polysaccharides, is regulated by intramolecular interactions, which occur between segments of the same molecule. Equally important for the 3D structure of macromolecules are intermolecular interactions with solvent molecules (constituted by water molecules in biological systems), ions, and various small molecules from the cytosol. Intermolecular interactions between macromolecules are mostly conducive to formation of supramolecular structures such as protein complexes, which could be either transitory (e.g., binding of oxygen to hemoglobin) or permanent, relative to the lifespan of a cell or a superior organism (e.g. the tetrameric complex of hemoglobin).

7. Organisms show metabolism: For growth and development of life several chemical process occurs within organisms, they are simply known as metabolism.

8. Movement: All organisms show movement. Some show the free movement while the higher plants does not show any kind of movement but the movement was observed as climbing of climbers, opening of petals etc.

9. Organism reproduces:  Only living organisms are capable of producing offspring so they all have parents. They reproduction may be sexual or asexual type.

10. Life as an expression of energy: All forms of life require regular supply of energy for their survival. Green plants trap solar energy and synthesize food by photosynthesis. This chemical energy in the body is then transformed into many other forms. The living body stores this energy in the form of ATP and uses this ATP for various functions.

Energy follows the law of thermodynamics.

First law of thermodynamics – Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change forms. In any process, the total energy of the universe remains the same.

Second law of thermodynamics – It stated that in every step of energy transformations some amount of energy is lost.

11. Open system, steady state and Homeostasis:

The system which depends upon continuous supply of energy and matter from outside is called open system. In open system the input of matter and energy is equal to the output. The system where the input and output in equal, it is called steady system.

The self-regulated system is called homeostasis.

 

 

3. What are different branches of Biology?

The branches of biology are as follows,

1. Morphology: Study of external form and structure of living organism is called morphology.

2. Anatomy: Study of internal structure of plants and animals.

3. Histology: Study of details of tissues structure of organisms.

4. Psychology: The study of human behavior and mental quality.

5. Paleontology: The study of extinct and fossils organisms.

6. Mycology: Study of fungi.

7. Phycology: Study of algae.

8. Bryology: Study of liverworts and mosses.

9. Helminthology: Study of worms/ helmints.

10. Parasitology: Study of parasitic organisms.

11. Entomology: Study of insects.

12. Ornithology: Study of birds.

13. Mammalogy: Study of mammals.

14. Herpetology: Study of reptiles and amphibians

15. Protozoology: Study of one – celled animals.

16. Zoology: Study of animals.

17. Botany: Study of plants.

18. Icthyology : Study of fishes.

19. Evolution: Study of origin.

20. Embroyology: Study of embryos.

21. Pollynology : Study of pollen grains.

22. Pteridology: Study of pteridophytes.

23. Cardiology: Study of heart.

24. Neurology: Study of neurons.

25. Virology: Study of virus.

26. Ethology: Study of animal behaviour.

27. Ethnology: Study of different rules mankind in different distribution.

28. Eugenics: Study of improvement of races.

29. Cytology: Study of cells.

30. Protozoalogy: Study of protozoans.

 

 

4. State the relations of biology with social and physical sciences,

The relation of biology with social and physical sciences are

Relation with Physical science

1.Biological instruments such as microscopes, X-rays, ECG etc. are based on the principles of physics.

2.Light induces various effects on living organisms.

3.Study on the structure and functioning of human eye require knowledge of optics.

4.Physical techniques such as: electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, fractionation, Chromatography etc. have made possible the study of finer details of cellular and sub-cellular components.

Relation with Social

Study of human behavior, social relationship and antisocial relationships needs idea of biological science. For example, investigation on criminals and terrorists requires the study of human nervous system and study of glands, hormones, etc. It also requires the knowledge of principles of inheritance, pedigree analysis, etc.

 

5. Discuss how biology is related to other pure and social science subjects.

Relation with Chemistry:

1. Body of all living organisms s made up of organic and inorganic compounds.

2.All the metabolic activities inside the body of living beings involve chemical reactions and chemical changes.

3.Genetic materials DNA and RNA are also chemicals.

4.Enzymes and hormones produced in the body of living organisms are also exclusively chemicals.

5.Acid-base equilibrium in a cell maintains the pH of the protoplasm for proper functioning.

6.Molecules move in and out of the cells by diffusion and osmosis.

Relation with Physics:

1.Biological instruments such as microscopes, X-rays, ECG etc. are based on the principles of physics.

2.Light induces various effects on living organisms.

3.Study on the structure and functioning of human eye require knowledge of optics.

4.Physical techniques such as: electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, fractionation, Chromatography etc. have made possible the study of finer details of cellular and sub-cellular components.

Relation with Geography:

Distribution of plants and animals vary different geographical factors. e.g.  Climate, altitude, temperature etc.

Relation with Mathematics and Statistics:

Census of wild animals is based on application of mathematical and statistical applications. Such applications are helpful in data compilation and analysis of living organisms.

Relation with Sociology:

Study of human behavior, social relationship and antisocial relationships needs idea of biological science. For example, investigation on criminals and terrorists requires the study of human nervous system and study of glands, hormones, etc. It also requires the knowledge of principles of inheritance, pedigree analysis, etc.

 

 

6. What is a life process? Explain different life processes of the plant and animals.

Living beings totally differs from non-living beings in having various life processes such as;

1. Levels of Organization:Living things are highly organized in a "hierarchical" manner: lower levels of organization are progressively integrated to make up higher levels. The building blocks of matter, called atoms, lie at the base of life's organizational structure.

Atoms come together to form molecules that consist of a defined number of atoms organized in a particular spatial arrangement. For example, a molecule of water is

One atom of oxygen bonded to two atoms of hydrogen, with each atom arranged in a very precise way. Molecules in turn form what are called organelles, which are highly organized structures within a cell that carry out specific cellular functions. For example, mitochondria transform the energy from food into an energy form your body can use.

Aggregation, interaction, equilibrium and change are the basic qualities of the organization.

Aggregation: It is the collection of the things to be a whole structure.

Interaction: It is the coordination between particles.

Equilibrium: It is the relation between the particles.

Change: Living organism show changes according to the time and environment.

2.Respiration: It is defined as the process for releasing energy in the form of ATPs.

Steps of respiration:

A) External respiration:

a. Breathing

b. Exchange of gases

B) Internal respiration:

a. Oxidation of food

b. Release of energy

Types of respiration:

a. Aerobic

b. Anaerobic

Aerobic Respiration	Anaerobic Respiration
a.Respiration occurs in presence of oxygen.	a. Respiration occurs in absence of oxygen.
b. released more energy.	b. released less energy
c. It is very common.	c. It is rare and it is mainly shown by prokaryotic organism.
d. by products: CO₂ + H₂O +E	d. by products: C₂H₅OH +CO₂ +H₂O +E

 

Plants and animals respire in similar ways but only differ in definite respiratory organs found only in the animals not in the plants.

3.Nutrition:

It is a part of physiological process related with food in which complex food simplifies into absorbable food. After absorption utilizes during body growth, body metabolic activities, physical or chemical activities, synthesis of enzymes and hormones, change worn out body portion and give energy, etc. Based upon the nature of the foods, nutrition classified into three types:

a. Autotrophic nutrition: It is shown by all kinds of green organism such as green plants. They manufactured food by themselves through the process of photosynthesis. So it is called as non- dependable organism.

b. Chemotrophic nutrition: It is shown by primitive organism like bacteria which depends upon the chemicals as the source of their food. Eg; N₂ fixative bacteria food (NO₃ compound)

c. Heterotrophic nutrition: It is shown by all kinds of animals. They depends upon the others as the source of the food. The sub types of heterotrophic are;

a. Holozoic nutrition

b. Holophytic nutrition

c. Saprozoic nutrition

d. Saprophytic nutrition

e. Parasitic nutrition

4. Adaptations:

Any change in an organism that makes it slowly or rapidly better suited to its environment is called adaptation. The adaptation may be short term or long term.

Short term Adaptations:

a. The human skin becomes dark on exposure to sunlight for a long time. This is because of the accumulation of melanin pigments in the top layer of the skin.

b. Dormant seeds suspend their metabolic activities during dormant period. In favorable conditions, dormancy is broken and the seeds germinate.

Long term Adaptations:

a. Thick tail of kangaroo is used as a fifth limb to support the body weight.

b. The ankles bones of humans protrude backwards and help stand erect.

c. The limbs bones of horses and deer are modified for swift running.

5. Death:

It is an inherent part of an organism’s life cycle. The period from birth till death is called life span. Ageing may be defined as deterioration in structure and function of the body cells, tissues and organs of an animal.

Significance of death:

a. Death maintains the number of individuals in a population. It is necessary because of the limitation of food and space.

b. The dead and decaying body of organisms is decomposed by microbes. They decomposed the complex organic compounds into simple inorganic forms. These are returned into environment and maintain the ecological balance.

Importance roles of Death Cells:

a. Dead cuticle layer of leaves check transpiration.

b. In plants dead xylem vessels act as channels for conduction of water and minerals.

c. Dead tissues in animals like nails, horns, hooves, down feathers provide support and protection.

d. Dead tissues in plants like heartwood, cork, provide strength and support.

6. Molecular basis of life: Biological matter is comprised of small molecules (e.g., water), macromolecules (biopolymers), supramolecular assemblies or macromolecular complexes. Spatial packing or folding of macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids or polysaccharides, is regulated by intramolecular interactions, which occur between segments of the same molecule. Equally important for the 3D structure of macromolecules are intermolecular interactions with solvent molecules (constituted by water molecules in biological systems), ions, and various small molecules from the cytosol. Intermolecular interactions between macromolecules are mostly conducive to formation of supramolecular structures such as protein complexes, which could be either transitory (e.g., binding of oxygen to hemoglobin) or permanent, relative to the lifespan of a cell or a superior organism (e.g. the tetrameric complex of hemoglobin).

7. Organisms show metabolism: For growth and development of life several chemical process occurs within organisms, they are simply known as metabolism.

8. Movement: All organisms show movement. Some show the free movement while the higher plants does not show any kind of movement but the movement was observed as climbing of climbers, opening of petals etc.

9. Organism reproduces:  Only living organisms are capable of producing offspring so they all have parents. They reproduction may be sexual or asexual type.

10. Life as an expression of energy: All forms of life require regular supply of energy for their survival. Green plants trap solar energy and synthesize food by photosynthesis. This chemical energy in the body is then transformed into many other forms. The living body stores this energy in the form of ATP and uses this ATP for various functions.

Energy follows the law of thermodynamics.

First law of thermodynamics – Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change forms. In any process, the total energy of the universe remains the same.

Second law of thermodynamics – It stated that in every step of energy transformations some amount of energy is lost.

11. Open system, steady state and Homeostasis:

The system which depends upon continuous supply of energy and matter from outside is called open system. In open system the input of matter and energy is equal to the output. The system where the input and output in equal, it is called steady system.

 

7.

Living beings totally differs from non-living beings in having various life processes such as;

1. Levels of Organization:Living things are highly organized in a "hierarchical" manner: lower levels of organization are progressively integrated to make up higher levels. The building blocks of matter, called atoms, lie at the base of life's organizational structure.

Atoms come together to form molecules that consist of a defined number of atoms organized in a particular spatial arrangement. For example, a molecule of water is

One atom of oxygen bonded to two atoms of hydrogen, with each atom arranged in a very precise way. Molecules in turn form what are called organelles, which are highly organized structures within a cell that carry out specific cellular functions. For example, mitochondria transform the energy from food into an energy form your body can use.

Aggregation, interaction, equilibrium and change are the basic qualities of the organization.

Aggregation: It is the collection of the things to be a whole structure.

Interaction: It is the coordination between particles.

Equilibrium: It is the relation between the particles.

Change: Living organism show changes according to the time and environment.

2.Respiration: It is defined as the process for releasing energy in the form of ATPs.

Steps of respiration:

A) External respiration:

a. Breathing

b. Exchange of gases

B) Internal respiration:

a. Oxidation of food

b. Release of energy

Types of respiration:

a. Aerobic

b. Anaerobic

Aerobic Respiration	Anaerobic Respiration
a.Respiration occurs in presence of oxygen.	a. Respiration occurs in absence of oxygen.
b. released more energy.	b. released less energy
c. It is very common.	c. It is rare and it is mainly shown by prokaryotic organism.
d. by products: CO₂ + H₂O +E	d. by products: C₂H₅OH +CO₂ +H₂O +E

 

Plants and animals respire in similar ways but only differ in definite respiratory organs found only in the animals not in the plants.

3.Nutrition:

It is a part of physiological process related with food in which complex food simplifies into absorbable food. After absorption utilizes during body growth, body metabolic activities, physical or chemical activities, synthesis of enzymes and hormones, change worn out body portion and give energy, etc. Based upon the nature of the foods, nutrition classified into three types:

a. Autotrophic nutrition: It is shown by all kinds of green organism such as green plants. They manufactured food by themselves through the process of photosynthesis. So it is called as non- dependable organism.

b. Chemotrophic nutrition: It is shown by primitive organism like bacteria which depends upon the chemicals as the source of their food. Eg; N₂ fixative bacteria food (NO₃ compound)

c. Heterotrophic nutrition: It is shown by all kinds of animals. They depends upon the others as the source of the food. The sub types of heterotrophic are;

a. Holozoic nutrition

b. Holophytic nutrition

c. Saprozoic nutrition

d. Saprophytic nutrition

e. Parasitic nutrition

4. Adaptations:

Any change in an organism that makes it slowly or rapidly better suited to its environment is called adaptation. The adaptation may be short term or long term.

Short term Adaptations:

a. The human skin becomes dark on exposure to sunlight for a long time. This is because of the accumulation of melanin pigments in the top layer of the skin.

b. Dormant seeds suspend their metabolic activities during dormant period. In favorable conditions, dormancy is broken and the seeds germinate.

Long term Adaptations:

a. Thick tail of kangaroo is used as a fifth limb to support the body weight.

b. The ankles bones of humans protrude backwards and help stand erect.

c. The limbs bones of horses and deer are modified for swift running.

5. Death:

It is an inherent part of an organism’s life cycle. The period from birth till death is called life span. Ageing may be defined as deterioration in structure and function of the body cells, tissues and organs of an animal.

Significance of death:

a. Death maintains the number of individuals in a population. It is necessary because of the limitation of food and space.

b. The dead and decaying body of organisms is decomposed by microbes. They decomposed the complex organic compounds into simple inorganic forms. These are returned into environment and maintain the ecological balance.

Importance roles of Death Cells:

a. Dead cuticle layer of leaves check transpiration.

b. In plants dead xylem vessels act as channels for conduction of water and minerals.

c. Dead tissues in animals like nails, horns, hooves, down feathers provide support and protection.

d. Dead tissues in plants like heartwood, cork, provide strength and support.

6. Molecular basis of life: Biological matter is comprised of small molecules (e.g., water), macromolecules (biopolymers), supramolecular assemblies or macromolecular complexes. Spatial packing or folding of macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids or polysaccharides, is regulated by intramolecular interactions, which occur between segments of the same molecule. Equally important for the 3D structure of macromolecules are intermolecular interactions with solvent molecules (constituted by water molecules in biological systems), ions, and various small molecules from the cytosol. Intermolecular interactions between macromolecules are mostly conducive to formation of supramolecular structures such as protein complexes, which could be either transitory (e.g., binding of oxygen to hemoglobin) or permanent, relative to the lifespan of a cell or a superior organism (e.g. the tetrameric complex of hemoglobin).

7. Organisms show metabolism: For growth and development of life several chemical process occurs within organisms, they are simply known as metabolism.

8. Movement: All organisms show movement. Some show the free movement while the higher plants does not show any kind of movement but the movement was observed as climbing of climbers, opening of petals etc.

9. Organism reproduces:  Only living organisms are capable of producing offspring so they all have parents. They reproduction may be sexual or asexual type.

10. Life as an expression of energy: All forms of life require regular supply of energy for their survival. Green plants trap solar energy and synthesize food by photosynthesis. This chemical energy in the body is then transformed into many other forms. The living body stores this energy in the form of ATP and uses this ATP for various functions.

Energy follows the law of thermodynamics.

First law of thermodynamics – Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change forms. In any process, the total energy of the universe remains the same.

Second law of thermodynamics – It stated that in every step of energy transformations some amount of energy is lost.

11. Open system, steady state and Homeostasis:

The system which depends upon continuous supply of energy and matter from outside is called open system. In open system the input of matter and energy is equal to the output. The system where the input and output in equal, it is called steady system.