# Demography

First exercise

1. What is population?

population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. In human population, Population is the number of people living in specific area.

2. “The cohort of organized group of people is population.” Justify this statement.

We can say population is the group of people who share same features and living in group. As we know we all human being, a social animal. We like to live in a society. The society is formed with the help of species having same characters. We live in a group and we share whatever possible to share. That keeps us connected to all. We have same objectives in the society so it is organized place. Cohort of organized people means group of people having similar features who always live in any specific group in an organized way.

3. Present the level of world population.

The world's population is around 7 billion, and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510 million square kilometers (197 million square miles). Therefore the worldwide human population density is around 7 billion ÷ 510 million = 13.7 per km2 (35 per sq. mile).

4. Describe the trend of population increase in Nepal by analyzing the past and present size of population.

The population of Nepal is increasing to a greater extent over time. Nepal has the long history of census.

Nepal has high population growth rate. The average population growth rate of 1991-2001 is 2.24 percent. The average annual rate of population in 2001 and 2011 is 1.35 percent. It is clearly shows an addition of pressure of population by 915 per day with an increase of 334,308 people per year. If this rate continuous, the population of Nepal will double itself within 52 years and will reach 53 million by 2063 A.D.

5. Explain why the population distribution statistics is necessary.

Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In applying statistics to, e.g., a scientific, industrial, or societal problem, it is conventional to begin with statistical population or a statistical model process to be studied. The population of the world is growing rapidly and along with that growth come implications for our future. It is necessary to examine the causes, patterns and consequences of growth. This section is very closely linked to the development section. The world's population is around 7 billion, and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510 million square kilometers (197 million square miles). Therefore the worldwide human population density is around 7 billion ÷ 510 million = 13.7 per km2 (35 per sq. mile).

6. Give reasons why distribution of population is not equal in Neal.

Distribution of population is not equal in Neal

1. Due to diverse topography of land.
2. Due to the availability of different sorts of facilities in all areas.
3. Due to the political instability or crime.
4. Due to the war.
5. Due to the absence of federalism the development is not equal in all areas and
6. Due to the various pull and push factor.

7. What do you understand by a dependent population? Explain the method for calculating dependency ratio.

The dependent population refers to the group of people that has no prospect of income and relies upon the active population. People belong in this, age of 0-14 and 60 and above. The dependency ratio in Nepal is in decreasing trend. The method for calculating dependency ratio;

Total dependency ratio= $\frac{{{\rm{no}}.{\rm{of\: people\: aged\: }}0 - 14{\rm{\: and\: }}60{\rm{\: and\: above}}}}{{{\rm{no\: of\: people\: }}15 - 59}}{\rm{*}}100$

Write shorts notes:

1. Density of population:

For humans, population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometer or square mile which include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world.

The world's population is around 7 billion, and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510 million square kilometers (197 million square miles). Therefore the worldwide human population density is around 7 billion ÷ 510 million = 13.7 per km2 (35 per sq. mile).

2. Composition of population:

The composition of the population is part of the social environment. It provides a framework against which to interpret the health status and behaviors of the population. It is also the description of a population according to characteristics such as age and sex. These data are often compared over time using population pyramid.

3. Distribution of population:

Population distribution is the spread of people across the world, i.e. where do people live. Population density is the number of people living in a particular area – usually 1 square mile or 1 square kilometer – and can be written as total population/land area.

The population of the world is now over 7 billion people, the vast majority of whom live in the developing world. The world's population is spread unevenly across the globe with small concentrations of large numbers of people living in the same area.

Show the difference between:

1. Active population and Dependent population.

 Active population Dependent population 1. Active population refers to those people who are economically active in any field of income-oriented activity. 1. The dependent population refers to the group of people that has no prospect of income and relies upon the active population. 2. People belong age of 15-59 years. 2. People belong age of 0-14 and 60 and above. 3. They are mostly independent. 3. They are mostly dependent.

2. Ecological Belts and Development Regions.

 Ecological Belts Development Regions 1. The arrangement of population with respect to ecological areas like mountain, Hill and Terai is termed as distribution of population by ecological belts. 1. The arrangement of population with respect to development regions like village/town, district/zones, development/region is termed as distribution of population by development regions. 2. It is divided into three ecological belts: Mountains hills and terai. 2. It is divided in to Five administrative development region: E.D.R, C.D.R, W.D.R,M-W.D.R, F-W.D.R. 3. It is arrangement by nature. 3. It is arrangement by administration.

Do the following activities:

3. Collect the population data from any five houses of your “Tole/Ward/Neighbourhood” and enumerate the population of male and female in the following table:

 Name of the Residents Male Female Total 1.Ranjit Tamang 2.Prakash Shrestha 3.Arjun Shrestha 4. Mina Shrestha 5.Kiran Sherestha 3 4 4 2 5 4 5 2 4 2 7 9 6 6 7

Second exercise

1. What is population?

population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. In human population, Population is the number of people living in specific area.

2. what is July 11th, 1987 A.D. famous for?

In July 11Th 1987 A.D world population reached 5.0 billion on increasing annual growth rate 1.9.

3. What is census?

Census is the total process of collecting, compiling, analyzing and publishing or otherwise dissimilating demographic, economic or social data pertaining to the people of the country or well delineated part of the country.

4. Why was the population of Nepal decreasing up to 1930 A.D. (1987 B.S.)? Write any one reason.

Because of development on field of education Nepal population decreasing up to 1930 A.D (1987B.S).

5. Write any two primary sources of population data.

1. Census

2. Sample surveys

6. When was vital registration system initiated in Nepal?

In 2019 B.S vital registration system initiate in Nepal.

7. Which factor affecting birth does sense of competition refer to?

Psychological factor affecting birth does sense of competition refers to.

8. What is density of population in Terai region according to the latest census of 2011?

13318705 is density of population in terai region according to the latest census of 2011.

9. When was sample survey system initiated in Nepal?

In 1966 sample survey system initiate in Nepal.

10. How is Total Fertility Rate (TFR) computed?

It is computed by using formula;

TFR = $\frac{{ \in {\rm{ASFR*Age\: interval\: of\: }}5}}{{1000}}$

1. What do you understand by demography?

Demography is the measurement of the population of a specific place in a particular time and their scientific study. Demography means the statistical and mathematical study of population size, regional distribution, composition and population change. Demography can also be stated as the scientific study of human population.

2. What do you understand by fertility?

Fertility is the actual birth performance of woman during her reproductive period.

Total fertility rate refers to the average numbers of infants born to a women or a age group of women during the period of 15 to 49 years. Total fertility rate is derived from the age specific fertility rates. Total fertility rate is calculated by multiplying the sum of the age specific fertility rate with 5 and dividing the result with 1000. Total fertility rate is expressed in terms of the number of ever born child per women. The formula for calculating total fertility rate is:

TFR = $\frac{{ \in {\rm{ASFR*Age\: interval\: of\: }}5}}{{1000}}$

3. What do you understand by Infant Mortality Rate?

Infant mortality rate is taken as an important indicator of age specific death rate. The death rate out of 0-1 year's age group in population is the highest of each country. In a country where infant mortality rate is high the economic, social and health conditions of the country is regarded to be poor. Infant mortality rate is calculated by dividing the number of deaths of the infants by the numbers of total live births of infants and multiplying by 1000. The formula can be written as follows:

IMR = $\frac{{{\rm{Number\: of\: death\: of\: infants\: in\: a\: year\: X\: }}1000}}{{1000}}$

4. What do you understand by migration?

Migration is the process of transferring of people from one place to another place for permanent settlement. Migration affects the distribution of population of the place. The distribution of the population of the particular place will be affected because due to urbanization the people will migrate to urban areas which will definitely increase the population of that place. Similarly the population of the urban areas will decrease accordingly. In this way migration creates uneven distribution of population. So migration is not a good factor in population because people do not migrate to rural areas where there are ample natural resources. The proper exploitation of natural resources is decreasing due to migration.

5. What are the factors that affect fertility in Nepal?

There are several factors which affect the fertility in Nepal . They are as follows:

A. biological factors:

The biological factors are the special Characteristics of human beings. To give birth to the child and pregnancy related factors are called the biological factors. Like hereditary, Ovulation cycle, climate, etc.

B. Psychological factor: This includes Virility, popularity; Sense of competition, being a parent is the entire goal etc.

C. Economic factor: This includes high income concept, peculiar concept of life insurance, Family occupation, etc.

D. Social factor: This includes small and joint family system, universality of marriage, family planning system, etc.

E. Religious factors: This includes God’s blessing or fortune, compulsion of a son, religious attitude of the people, marriageable age, No abortion system, etc.

f. Cultural factor: This includes Fatalism, social taboos, Generational respect, etc.

6. What are the factors that affect mortality in Nepal?

The factors that affect mortality in Nepal are as follows;

1. Heredity

2. Sex

3. Diseases

4. Violence and accidents

5. Natural Calamities

6. Food grains and Nutrition

7. Health educations

8. Poverty

9. Climate

10. Public health services and medical facilities

11. Ignorance and superstition of the people

12. Senescence and environmental hazards

7. What are the pull and push factors of migration?

The pull and pushfactors affecting migration are age, sex, family status and occupation. They are described as follows:

1. Age:

In both of the internal and international migration, young age people migrate more than the people of other age groups. One of the reasons behind this is that young people can easily adapt in a new place, society or climate. The number of migrants from children, old age groups is very low in comparison to the young and economically active population.

2. Sex:

Internally, female migrate more than males because they have to leave their parents home and go to their husband's home after they get married. Males migrate in search of work.

3. Family status:

The status of a person also affects migration. Young and unmarried people migrate more than the married and people of other age group.

4. Occupation:

People have to migrate from their birth place to new place for occupation. By the nature of work people do migrate from one place to another place.

8. Give reason why the distribution of population in Nepal is not equal.

Population distribution is the spread of people across the world, i.e. where do people live. Population density is the number of people living in a particular area – usually 1 square mile or 1 square kilometer – and can be written as total population/land area.

A population changes with the place and time. There is no even distribution of population in all areas of Nepal. There is certain reason for it. The physical features, climates, soil and natural resources are all different in different parts of the country which causes an uneven distribution of population.

9. What kinds of problems does migration bring at the place of destination?

Migration is the process of transferring of people from one place to another place for permanent settlement. Migration affects the distribution of population of the place. The distribution of the population of the particular place will be affected because due to urbanization the people will migrate to urban areas which will definitely increase the population of that place. Similarly the population of the urban areas will decrease accordingly. In this way migration creates uneven distribution of population. So migration is not a good factor in population because people do not migrate to rural areas where there are ample natural resources. The proper exploitation of natural resources is decreasing due to migration.

10. What are the major factors responsible for the increasing population in Nepal?

The major factors responsible for the increasing population in Nepal are;

1. Early marriage and child marriage.

2. Polygamy

3.Ignorance and illiteracy of the people

4. Poverty

5. Importance of son in the family

6. Role of children in economic status

7. Low status of women in the society

8. Lack of population education

9. Concept of more children means more income

10. Lack of women employment

11. Higher rate of infant mortality

12. Social superstation etc is the main factor in the contest of Nepal.

11. What effects of migration are there on environmental aspect?

Migration is the process of transferring of people from one place to another place for permanent settlement. The population of terai and town areas has increased in an uncontrolled way which has adversely affected the environment directly. To fulfill the basic needs of food, clothes and shelter of growing population, forest areas have been cleared for cultivation, which increased the problems of soil erosion, floods, landslides, droughts and deforestation. The relation between human and environment is disturbed due to the misuse of natural resources by the people for their self-interest. The water of tanks, ponds, rivers, rivulets gets polluted due to migration. In this way migration creates uneven distribution of natural sources. So migration is not a good factor because people do not migrate to rural areas where there are ample natural resources. The proper exploitation of natural resources is decreasing due to migration.

Write shorts notes on:

a. Demographic measures:

The measurement of the three components of fertility, mortality and migration are necessary for the proper analysis of population. The rates of fertility, mortality and migration are used for measuring population changes using different formula. Necessary figures are calculated from these measures. We can analyze the changes in size, composition and distribution of population. Moreover, the trend of the changes of population in the future can also be analyzed.

The fertility rate can be obtained in the following ways:

1. Crude Birth Rate,

2. General Fertility Rate

3. Age Specific Fertility Rate

4. Total Fertility Rate

The mortality rate can be obtained in the following ways:

1. Crude Death Rate

2. Age Specific Death Rate

3. Infant Mortality Rate

The migration rate can be obtained in the following ways:

1. In Migration Rate

2. Out Migration Rate

3. Net Migration Rate

4. Gross Migration Rate

b. Total Fertility Rate:

Total fertility rate refers to the average numbers of infants born to a women or a age group of women during the period of 15 to 49 years. Total fertility rate is derived from the age specific fertility rates. Total fertility rate is calculated by multiplying the sum of the age specific fertility rate with 5 and dividing the result with 1000. Total fertility rate is expressed in terms of the number of ever born child per women. The formula for calculating total fertility rate is:

TFR = $\frac{{ \in {\rm{ASFR*Age\: interval\: of\: }}5}}{{1000}}$

c. Infant Mortality rate:

Infant mortality rate is taken as an important indicator of age specific death rate. The death rate out of 0-1 year's age group in population is the highest of each country. In a country where infant mortality rate is high the economic, social and health conditions of the country is regarded to be poor. Infant mortality rate is calculated by dividing the number of deaths of the infants by the numbers of total live births of infants and multiplying by 1000. The formula can be written as follows:

IMR = $\frac{{{\rm{Number\: of\: death\: of\: infants\: in\: a\: year\: X\: }}1000}}{{1000}}$

d. Net Migration Rate:

The difference between the number of people in migrants and the number of out migrants is called net migration rate. The following formula can be used to calculate the net migration rate:

NMR = $\frac{{\left( {{\rm{Number\: of\: in\: migrants}} - {\rm{Number\: of\: out\: migrants}}} \right){\rm{\: X\: }}1000}}{{{\rm{Total\: midyear\: population\: of\: that\: year}}}}$

e. Population Doubling Time:

If the population growth rate is one percentage then the population of the certain place will double in seventy years. Population doubling time can be obtained by dividing the population growth rate by 70. The formula for calculating doubling time of population can be written as follows:

PDF=$\frac{{{\rm{population\: growth\: rate}}}}{{70}}$

f. Demography:

Demography is the measurement of the population of a specific place in a particular time and their scientific study. Demography means the statistical and mathematical study of population size, regional distribution, composition and population change. Demography can also be stated as the scientific study of human population.

The measure of population growth rate, population doubling time, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, crude birth rate, crude death rate, sex ratio, dependency ratio, etc. From the demographic study of population a clear cut idea about the population situation can be visualized and the plans and policies can be made for the existing population for their progress and development. Therefore demography is very important.

g. Dependency Ratio:

In economics, geography and demography the dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor (the dependent part) and those typically in the labor force (the productive part). It is used to measure the pressure on productive population. The dependent population refers to the group of people that has no prospect of income and relies upon the active population. People belong in this, age of 0-14 and 60 and above. The dependency ratio in Nepal is in decreasing trend. The method for calculating dependency ratio;

Total dependency ratio = $\frac{{{\rm{no}}.{\rm{of\: people\: aged\: }}0 - 14{\rm{\: and\: }}60{\rm{\: and\: above}}}}{{{\rm{no\: of\: people\: }}15 - 59}}{\rm{*}}100$

h. Factors Affecting Fertility:

Fertility is the actual birth performance of woman during her reproductive period.

There are several factors which affect the fertility. They are as follows:

A. biological factors:

The biological factors are the special Characteristics of human beings. To give birth to the child and pregnancy related factors are called the biological factors. Like hereditary, Ovulation cycle, climate, etc.

B. Psychological factor: This includes Virility, popularity; Sense of competition, being a parent is the entire goal etc.

C. Economic factor: This includes high income concept, peculiar concept of life insurance, Family occupation, etc.

D. Social factor: This includes small and joint family system, universality of marriage, family planning system, etc.

E. Religious factors: This includes God’s blessing or fortune, compulsion of a son, religious attitude of the people, marriageable age, No abortion system, etc.

f. Cultural factor: This includes Fatalism, social taboos, Generational respect, etc.

i. Gross Migration Rate:

Gross Migration Rate refers to the total number of immigrants and emigrants and divided by mid-year population of that year multiplying by 1000.

Gross Migration Rate: $\frac{{{\rm{I}} + {\rm{E}}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

j. Crude Birth Rate:

Crude Birth Rate is the total number of living infants born within a year in a place or country by the total number of midyear population and multiplied by thousand. Midyear population is either the population of July 1 or the population of January 1 and December last divided by 2. The formula of measuring crude birth rate is as follows:

CDR = $\frac{{{\rm{Total\: number\: of\: live\: birth\: in\: a\: year\: X\: }}1000}}{{{\rm{Mid}} - {\rm{year\: population}}}}$

k. Density of population:

For humans, population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometer or square mile which include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world.

The world's population is around 7 billion, and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510 million square kilometers (197 million square miles). Therefore the worldwide human population density is around 7 billion ÷ 510 million = 13.7 per km2 (35 per sq. mile).

l. Composition of population:

Population composition is the description of a population according to characteristics such as age and sex. These data are often compared over time using population pyramids. The composition of the population is part of the social environment. It provides a framework against which to interpret the health status and behaviors of the population.

m. Push Factors of Migration:

People migrate for a number of reasons. These reasons may fall under these four areas: Environmental, Economic, Cultural and Socio-political. Within that, the reasons may also be ‘push’ or ‘pull’ factors.

Push factors are those that force the individual to move voluntarily, and in many cases, they are forced because the individual risk something if they stay. Push factors may include

1. Inadequate facilities for maintaining the livelihood,

2. Lower wages at the place of origin,

3. Prevalent superstition in the society,

3. Lack of health, education and entertainment facilities.

n. Demography:

Demography is the measurement of the population of a specific place in a particular time and their scientific study. Demography means the statistical and mathematical study of population size, regional distribution, composition and population change. Demography can also be stated as the scientific study of human population.

The measure of population growth rate, population doubling time, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, crude birth rate, crude death rate, sex ratio, dependency ratio, etc. From the demographic study of population a clear cut idea about the population situation can be visualized and the plans and policies can be made for the existing population for their progress and development. Therefore demography is very important.

o. Sex-ratio:

The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. It is generally denotes the number of males per 100 females this can be derived from following formula:

Sex-ratio = $\frac{{\rm{m}}}{{\rm{n}}}{\rm{*}}100$

Where; M = total male population in particular year

F = total female population in particular year

p. Vital registration system:

Vital registration is the system by which a government records the vital events of its citizens andresidents. Vital registration creates legal documents which may be used to establish and protect the civilrights of individuals, as well as providing a source of data which may be compiled to give vital statistics.

Vital statistics are statistics on live births, deaths, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces. The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations.

1. Describe the density of population of Nepal.

For humans, population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometer or square mile which include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world.

The world's population is around 7 billion, and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510 million square kilometers (197 million square miles). Therefore the worldwide human population density is around 7 billion ÷ 510 million = 13.7 per km2 (35 per sq. mile).

Population density in Nepal is also increasing along with the rapid growth of population. Due to limited land areas of the country, it is natural that population density increases simultaneously with the growth in the population. Looking at the condition of population density in different censuses from 1981 to 2001 AD, it is found that population density has increased in all development regions. However, it has increased drastically in the Terai region in comparison to the hills and the mountains regions. Population density has also increased rapidly in the country as a whole. The density of population was 102 persons in 1981, 126 persons in 1991 and it reached 157 persons in 2001 AD. From this fact, we can clearly consider Nepal as one of the density populated countries in the world. Our country is also full of inequality in terms of population density by geographical and development regions. The population growth rate in the central development region is the highest of all development regions. The main reason behind this is the migration of people to this development region due to the availability of fertile soil and various other facilities and services.

2. What is Crude Birth Rate? Explain with an example and formula.

The crude birth rate is the number of live births occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year.

Crude Birth Rate is the total number of living infants born within a year in a place or country by the total number of midyear population and multiplied by thousand. Midyear population is either the population of July 1 or the population of January 1 and December last divided by 2. The formula of

Measuring crude birth rate is as follows:

CDR = $\frac{{{\rm{Total\: number\: of\: live\: birth\: in\: a\: year\: X\: }}1000}}{{{\rm{Mid}} - {\rm{year\: population}}}}$

Example:

The population of a city was 168660 in 2005. What will be the CBR if the number of newly born living children was 20225 in the same year?

Given,

Total live birth in a year (B) = 20225

Mid-year total population of that year (P) = 168660

Crude Birth Rate CBR =?

We know that,

CBR = $\frac{{\rm{B}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}100{\rm{\: }}$

$= \frac{{20225}}{{168660}}{\rm{*}}1000$

CBR = 119.9

3. What are the important factors that affect migration?

Migration is the process of transferring of people from one place to another place for permanent settlement. Migration affects the distribution of population of the place. The distribution of the population of the particular place will be affected because due to urbanization the people will migrate to urban areas which will definitely increase the population of that place. Similarly the population of the urban areas will decrease accordingly. In this way migration creates uneven distribution of population. So migration is not a good factor in population because people do not migrate to rural areas where there are ample natural resources. The proper exploitation of natural resources is decreasing due to migration.

The factors affecting migration are age, sex, family status and occupation. They are described as follows:

1. Age:

In both of the internal and international migration, young age people migrate more than the people of other age groups. One of the reasons behind this is that young people can easily adapt in a new place, society or climate. The number of migrants from children, old age groups is very low in comparison to the young and economically active population.

2. Sex:

Internally, female migrate more than males because they have to leave their parents home and go to their husband's home after they get married. Males migrate in search of work.

3. Family status:

The status of a person also affects migration. Young and unmarried people migrate more than the married and people of other age group.

4. Occupation:

People have to migrate from their birth place to new place for occupation. By the nature of work people do migrate from one place to another place.

4. What are the differences between net and Gross Migration Rate?

Migration is the process of transferring of people from one place to another place for permanent settlement. Migration affects the distribution of population of the place. The distribution of the population of the particular place will be affected because due to urbanization the people will migrate to urban areas which will definitely increase the population of that place. Similarly the population of the urban areas will decrease accordingly. In this way migration creates uneven distribution of population. So migration is not a good factor in population because people do not migrate to rural areas where there are ample natural resources. The proper exploitation of natural resources is decreasing due to migration. The factors affecting migration are age, sex, family status and occupation.

Net migration Rate:

The difference between the number of people in migrants and the number of out migrants is called net migration rate. Net migration refers to the difference between the number of immigrants (who move in to specific areas) and the emigrants (Who leave that place and move somewhere else).The following formula can be used to calculate the net migration rate:

NMR = $\frac{{\left( {{\rm{Number\: of\: in\: migrants\: }} - {\rm{\: Number\: of\: out\: migrants}}} \right){\rm{\: X\: }}1000}}{{{\rm{Total\: midyear\: population\: of\: that\: year}}}}$

Net migration Rate = $\frac{{{\rm{I}} - {\rm{E}}}}{{\rm{p}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

Gross Migration Rate:

Gross Migration Rate refers to the total number of immigrants and emigrants and divided by mid-year population of that year multiplying by 1000.

Gross Migration Rate: $\frac{{{\rm{I}} + {\rm{E}}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

5. Calculate Total Fertility Rate with an example.

Total fertility rate refers to the average numbers of infants born to a women or a age group of women during the period of 15 to 49 years. Total fertility rate is derived from the age specific fertility rates. Total fertility rate is calculated by multiplying the sum of the age specific fertility rate with 5 and dividing the result with 1000. Total fertility rate is expressed in terms of the number of ever born child per women. The formula for calculating total fertility rate is:

CDR = $\frac{{{\rm{Sum\: of\: Age\: specific\: fertility\: rates\: X\: }}5{\rm{\: }}\left( {{\rm{age\: intervals}}} \right)}}{{1000}}$

Example;

Calculate the TFR from given table

 Age group ASFR 1981 ASFR 1991 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 66 230 266 245 206 142 99 95 286 272 212 151 77 28 ΣASFR = 1254 ΣASFR = 1121

TFR of 1981 = $\frac{{1254{\rm{*}}5}}{{1000}}$= 6.27

TFR of 1991 = $\frac{{1121{\rm{*}}5}}{{1000}} = 5.605$

6. What are the important areas affected by migration? Explain.

Migration is the process of transferring of people from one place to another place for permanent settlement. Migration affects the distribution of population of the place. The distribution of the population of the particular place will be affected because due to urbanization the people will migrate to urban areas which will definitely increase the population of that place. Similarly the population of the urban areas will decrease accordingly. In this way migration creates uneven distribution of population. So migration is not a good factor in population because people do not migrate to rural areas where there are ample natural resources. The proper exploitation of natural resources is decreasing due to migration. The factors affecting migration are age, sex, family status and occupation.

Our country is also full of inequality in terms of population density by geographical and development regions. The population growth rate in the central development region is the highest of all development regions. The main reason behind this is the migration of people to this development region due to the availability of fertile soil and various other facilities and services.

There has been a steady pattern of migration in Nepal from the hill and mountain regions to theTerai. The Terai is a fertile agricultural area along the southern border of Nepal. The 1981 Nepalese census indicated a pronounced shift from a mountain-rural to a plains-urban society. The population in the mountain regions of Nepal has exceeded the carrying capacity of the land. Therefore, people are moving to the more arable lands of the Terai. It is estimated that 60% of Nepal’s population is concentrated in the hill and mountain regions, while 60% of farmland is in the Terai.

7. What do you understand by distribution of population? Explain why data are needed for explaining the distribution of population.

Population distribution is the spread of people across the world, i.e. where do people live. Population density is the number of people living in a particular area – usually 1 square mile or 1 square kilometer – and can be written as total population/land area.

The population of the world is now over 7 billion people, the vast majority of whom live in the developing world. The world's population is spread unevenly across the globe with small concentrations of large numbers of people living in the same area.

Population data can be obtained from different sources. Two major sources are:

1. Primary sources

2. Secondary sources

There are four types of sources of primary data namely Census, Vital registration system, Sample Surveys, Administrative Records. Secondary sources refer to those data that are already collected and compiled by other national and international organizations.

Data are needed for explaining the distribution of population because:

1. From the data we are clear cut idea about the population situation can be visualized and the plans and policies can be made for the existing population for their progress and development. Therefore data are needed for explaining the distribution of population.

2. Data are used to find out the number of present and future voters.

3. They are also useful for international compression.

4. Data report is also used by individual scholars and researchers.

5. Demographer needs census data to make precise projection of future population.

6. It is useful to prepare life table.

7. It is also useful for policy maker, researcher, economics, politicians, statisticians and other to perform social activities.

8. It is useful to formulate future plans.

9. Data records also help on many others needs.

8. What do you understand by dependent population? Explain the method of calculating dependency ratio.

The dependent population refers to the group of people that has no prospect of income and relies upon the active population. People belong in this, age of 0-14 and 60 and above. The dependency ratio in Nepal is in decreasing trend. The method for calculating dependency ratio;

There are two types of dependency ratio;

1. Child dependency ratio and

Total dependency ratio= $\frac{{{\rm{no}}.{\rm{of\: people\: aged\: }}0 - 14{\rm{\: and\: }}60{\rm{\: and\: above}}}}{{{\rm{no\: of\: people\: }}15 - 59}}{\rm{*}}100$

For example;

Calculation of dependency ratio of 1991

Child DR = $\frac{{42.5}}{{51.8}}{\rm{*}}100 = 81.9$

Adult DR = $\frac{{5.8}}{{51.8}}{\rm{*}}100 = 11.2$

Total DR = Child DR + adult DR

= 81.9+11.2

=93.1

9. List out the factors affecting death and explain any four of them.

Death is also called mortality. Death is the permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after birth has taken place. Age specific death rate is measured by dividing the total number of deaths in a specific age group by the total midyear population of the age group and multiplying by thousand. Age specific death rate is measured by using the following formula:

ASDR = $\frac{{{\rm{Number\: of\: death\: births\: in\: a\: particular\: age\: group}}}}{{{\rm{Total\: mid}} - {\rm{year\: population\: of\: that\: age\: group}}}}{\rm{X\: }}1000$

The factors affecting death are heredity, sex, senescence, diseases, level of nutrition, health services and facilities and health education. Any four of them are described below:

1. Heredity: Longevity of life is characteristics of heredity. Long life is attributed to heredity. Some people whose forefather lived for a long period of time are also living longer. Longevity of human life depends on the environment where they are born and brought up.

2. Sex: It has been found that female live longer than males. This trend has not only been seen in a certain countries but everywhere in the world. It has also been found that infant mortality rate for boys are higher than for girls.

3. Diseases: This is the age of science and technology. In spite of great development of science and technology, scientists have not been able to prevent death. People have to lose their life being the victim of infectious, fatal and hereditary diseases.

4. Level of nutrition: Food is one of the bases of life. Continuous intake of nutritious food is as important as air and water for the survival of life. Lack of nutritious food makes people fight against diseases which ultimately take the life towards death.

10. Describe the importance of studying population composition of a country.

Population composition is the description of a population according to characteristics such as age and sex. These data are often compared over time using population pyramids. The composition of the population is part of the social environment. It provides a framework against which to interpret the health status and behaviors of the population.

Composition of population can be classified and studied by the following ways;

1. Population composition by sex

2. Population composition by age

3. Population composition by occupation

4. Population composition by religion

5. Population composition by caste

6. Population composition by language

From such study of population composition, can get the idea of the population structure of a place, area or country. The number of males, females, children, adults and elderly are taken in to account. The total population can be divided in many ways for the systematic and scientific study of population composition. The different societies are formed on the basis of sex, age, caste, language, religions and occupation. The scientific study, research and analysis of every aspect of population of any country or region have direct relation with the composition of population. The structure and situation of a particular community or society of the country can be depicted by the composition of population.

Hence the real picture of a certain community or society is presented by population composition.

11. What is the difference between in-migration rate and out-migration rate?

Migration is the process of transferring of people from one place to another place for permanent settlement. Migration affects the distribution of population of the place. The distribution of the population of the particular place will be affected because due to urbanization the people will migrate to urban areas which will definitely increase the population of that place. Similarly the population of the urban areas will decrease accordingly. In this way migration creates uneven distribution of population. So migration is not a good factor in population because people do not migrate to rural areas where there are ample natural resources. The proper exploitation of natural resources is decreasing due to migration.

The difference between in-migration rate and out-migration rate:

 In-migration rate Out-migration rate The rate of number of people migrating to certain place is called the in-migration rate of that place. The rate of number of people migrating from certain place is called the out-migration rate of that place. The formula is: IMR= (No. of in-migrants X 1000) / Midyear population The formula is: OMR= (No. of out-migrants X 1000) / Midyear population

12. Health and education aspects are adversely affected by migration. Do you agree? Give reasons.

Yes I am agreeing.Migration is the process of transferring of people from one place to another place for permanent settlement. Migration affects the distribution of population of the place. The distribution of the population of the particular place will be affected because due to urbanization the people will migrate to urban areas which will definitely increase the population of that place. Similarly the population of the urban areas will decrease accordingly. In this way migration creates uneven distribution of population. So migration is not a good factor in population because people do not migrate to rural areas where there are ample natural resources. The proper exploitation of natural resources is decreasing due to migration. Various aspects of migration are affected adversely by the migration of people from one place to another. The areas affected by migration are environmental aspect, economic aspect and health and education aspect.

The health services and education facilities are essential for healthy life so the people want to go and settle at the place where the facility of health and education. Different studies have shown that the migrants from the Hills to the Terai and from the rural areas to urban areas are mainly young males and the educated persons. Effects of migration are the emergence of several of social disorders and crimes. The mentality and concept of migrants may be different from that of local people. This may be because of the differences in caste, language, culture and so on. These factors may lead to conflicts, tensions and crimes in the mixed society of migrants and the local people.

People want to migrate such places of facility increases the population. But due to uncontrolled settlements, government cannot provide sufficient education and health services. Thus there is increase in death rate and decrease in quality education.

Distinguish the following:

1. Demography Components and Demographic Measures.

 Demographic components Demographic measures Birth, death and migration are the demographic components. The change in population size of any place or region mainly depends upon birth, death and migration. Fertility, mortality and migration are the demographic processes. The demographic processes of fertility, mortality and migration bring change in the size, composition and distribution of population.

2. Fertility and Fecundity.

 Fertility Fecundity Fertility is the actual birth performance of woman during her reproductive period. Fecundity is the psychological notion or the actual birth giving capacity of a woman.

3. General fertility Rate (GFR) and Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

 General fertility rate Age specific fertility rate General fertility rate is the total number of birth divided by the total midyear population of the particular place multiplied by thousand. Age specific fertility rate is the total number of births of the specific age group divided by the population of the age group multiplied by thousand. The formula is: GFR=(Total live birth X 1000) / Mid- year population of women(15-49) The formula is: GFR=(Total live birth of a age group X 1000) / Mid- year population of age group

4. Population Growth Rate (PGR) and Natural Rate of Growth (NGR).

 Population growth rate Rate of natural growth The sum of the rate of natural increase of population and the rate of in-migration is the population growth rate. The rate in which the population increases because of more birth and less death is called the rate of natural growth. The formula is: RNI= (CBR-CDR) X 100 / 1000 The formula is: PGR=(CBR-CDR +-NMR )X 100 / 1000

5. Sex Ratio and Dependency Ratio.

 Dependency ratio Sex ratio In economics, geography and demography the dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor (the dependent part) and those typically in the labor force (the productive part). It is used to measure the pressure on productive population. The method for calculating dependency ratio;                             Total dependency ratio = $\frac{{{\rm{no}}.{\rm{of\: people\: aged\: }}0 - 14{\rm{\: and\: }}60{\rm{\: and\: above}}}}{{{\rm{no\: of\: people\: }}15 - 59}}{\rm{*}}100$ The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. It is generally denotes the number of males per 100 females this can be derived from following formula:   Sex-ratio = $\frac{{\rm{m}}}{{\rm{n}}}{\rm{*}}100$ Where; M = total male population in particular year F = total female population in particular year

6. Ecological Belts and Development Regions.

 Ecological belts Development regions 1. These are three types. Namely mountain, hill and terai. 2. This is natural. 3. It is different in geographical structure, climate, soil and vegetation. 1. These are five types. Namely Eastern, central, western, mid-western and far-western. 2. This is administrative. 3. It is not different as ecological belt.

7. Population size and Population Growth Rate.

 Population size Population growth rate 1. Size of population denotes the total no. 2. Quality of total population is understood from this. 3. It is estimate for a particular place. 2. Population growth rate denotes the facts of increasing or decreasing population. 2. Ratio of increasing population is understood from this. 3. It is estimate for a particular place for particular time.

Solve the following problems.

1. The population of a city was 168660 in 2005. What will be the CBR if the number of newly born living children was 20225 in the same year?

Given,

Total live birth in a year (B) = 20225

Mid-year total population of that year (P) = 168660

Crude Birth Rate CBR =?

We know that,

CBR = $\frac{{\rm{B}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}100{\rm{\: }}$

$= \frac{{20225}}{{168660}}{\rm{*}}1000$

CBR = 119.9

2. The population of a village was 60555 in 2007. Calculate CBR and CDR if there was birth of 3065 and death of 1609 in that village in the same year?

Given,

Total population of that year (P) = 60555

Total live birth in a year (B) = 3065

Total Death in a year (D) = 1609

Crude Birth Rate CBR =?

We know that,

CBR = $\frac{{\rm{B}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}100{\rm{\: }}$

=$\frac{{3065}}{{60555}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 50.6

Again,

CDR = $\frac{{\rm{D}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{1609}}{{60555}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 26.6

3. The number of female of 25-29 years of age was 90405 in 2008. What will be the ASFR if the women give birth to 16305 living children in that city in the same year?

Given,

The no. of living infants born from the Women of specific age Group within a year (Bl(X)) = 16305

The no. of women of the same age group of mid-year (Pf(fx)) = 90405

ASFR(x)= ?

ASFR(x)= $\frac{{{\rm{B}}{{\rm{L}}_{\rm{X}}}}}{{{\rm{P}}{{\rm{f}}_{\rm{x}}}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{16305}}{{90405}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 180.4

4. 7540 living infants were born in 2006 in a place. What will be the infant death rate if the 450 infants below 1 year diet in that year?

Given,

Number of deaths of infants under age 1 year (do) = 450

Total live births of infants in that year (BL) = 7540

Infant Mortality Rate IMR = ?

IMR = $\frac{{{{\rm{d}}_{\rm{o}}}}}{{{{\rm{B}}_{\rm{l}}}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

IMR = $\frac{{450}}{{7540}}{\rm{*}}1000$

IMR = 59.7

5. The population of a city was 260780 in 2010. Find out Net Migration Rate if 24404 foreigners came in and 15387 people went out.

Given,

NO. Of immigrants = 24404

NO. Of Emigrants = 15387

Mid- year total population = 260780

Net- migration rate = ?

Net- migration rate = $\frac{{{\rm{no}}.{\rm{of\: immigrants}} - {\rm{no\: or\: emigrants}}}}{{{\rm{mid}} - {\rm{year\: total\: population}}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{24404 - 15387}}{{260780}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{9017}}{{26078}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 34.57

6. The population of a place was 35500 in 2007. Find out the Gross Migration Rate if 1550 foreigners came to that place and 1050 people went to settle elsewhere.

Given,

No. of immigrants (I) = 1550

No. of emigrants (E) = 1050

Mid -year total population (P) = 35500

Gross migration rate (GMR) = ?

WE know that,

Gross migration rate (GMR) = $\frac{{{\rm{I}} + {\rm{P}}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

GMR = $\frac{{1550 + 1050}}{{35500}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{2600}}{{35500}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 73.2

7. In Nepalgunj town, the mid-year population was 120950 and 3642 live births took place in 2006. Calculate the crude birth rate (CBR) of the year.

Given,

Total live birth in a year (B) = 3642

Mid-year total population of that year (P) = 120950

Crude Birth Rate CBR =?

We know that,

CBR = $\frac{{\rm{B}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}100{\rm{\: }}$

$= \frac{{3642}}{{120950}}{\rm{*}}1000$

CBR = 30.1

8. In one of the towns of Nepal, the mid-year population was 653300 and the total deaths were 9940 in 2007. Calculate the crude death rate of the yea (CDR).

Given,

Total population of that year (P) = 60555

Total Death in a year (D) = 1609

Crude Death Rate CBR =?

We know that,

CDR = $\frac{{\rm{D}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}100{\rm{\: }}$

=$\frac{{9940}}{{653300}}{\rm{*}}1000$

CDR = 15.2

9. In the Pokhara valley, the mid-year female population in the group 30-34 years was 50400 and 850 live births took place in 2007. Calculate the age specific fertility rate (ASFR).

Given,

The no. of living infants born from the Women of specific age Group within a year (Bl(X)) = 850

The no. of women of the same age group of mid-year (Pf(fx)) = 50400

ASFR(x) = ?

ASFR(x) = $\frac{{{\rm{B}}{{\rm{L}}_{\rm{X}}}}}{{{\rm{P}}{{\rm{f}}_{\rm{x}}}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{850}}{{50400}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 16.86

10. In Janakpur town, mid-year female in the age group 20-24 years was 54500 and the total deaths recorded were 530 in 2007. Calculate the age-specific death rate (ASDR) of this town.

Given,

No. of deaths occurring in a particular age group (D(X)) =

Total mid-year population of that age group (P(X)) =

ASDR=?

We know that,

ASDR = $\frac{{{{\rm{D}}_{\rm{X}}}}}{{{{\rm{P}}_{\rm{X}}}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

ASDR = $\frac{{530}}{{54500}}{\rm{*}}100$

ASDR = 9.7

11. In Birgunj town of Nepal, 5000 live births took place in 2008. Total number of deaths under one year of age recorded was 540 in the same year. Calculate the infant mortality rate (IMR) of this town.

Given,

No. of deaths of infants under age 1 year do = 540

Total live births infants in that year Bl = 5000

Infants mortality Rate IMR =?

We know that,

IMR = $\frac{{{{\rm{d}}_{\rm{o}}}}}{{{{\rm{B}}_{\rm{l}}}}}{\rm{*}}100$

IMR = $\frac{{540}}{{5000}}{\rm{*}}1000$

IMR = 108

12. In Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan City, 2050 live births took place in 2008. In the same year, the total number of deaths under 5 years of the age recorded was 230. Calculate the child mortality rate (CMR) of the year.

Given,

Total no. of deaths below 5 years of age (D) = 230

Total mid -year population of the children of the same age group (P) = 2050

CMR = ?

We know that,

CMR =$\frac{{\rm{D}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

CMR = $\frac{{230}}{{2050}}{\rm{*}}1000$

CMR = 112.2

13. Suppose in a country, the mid-year population was 20,02,250 in 2006. In the same year, immigrants were 4025 and emigrants were 3540. Calculate In-Migration Rate (IMR), Out-Migration Rate (OMR), Net Migratio Rate (GMR) of the country.

Here,

IMR = $\frac{{\rm{I}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{4025}}{{2002250}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 2.02

OMR = $\frac{{\rm{E}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{3540}}{{2002250}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 1.77

NMR = $\frac{{{\rm{I}} - {\rm{E}}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{4025 - 3540}}{{2002250}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 1.77

GMR = $\frac{{{\rm{I}} + {\rm{E}}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{4025 + 3540}}{{2002250}}$*1000

= 3.78

14. In BIratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City, the mid-year population was 26,000 in 2010. In the same year, immigrants were 3250 and emigrants were 2780. Calculate the IMR, OMR, NMR and GMR of this town.

Here,

IMR = $\frac{{\rm{I}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{3250}}{{26000}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 125

OMR = $\frac{{\rm{E}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{2780}}{{2600}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 18.07

NMR = $\frac{{{\rm{I}} - {\rm{E}}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{3250 - 2780}}{{2600}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 18.07

GMR = $\frac{{{\rm{I}} + {\rm{E}}}}{{\rm{P}}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= $\frac{{3250 + 2780}}{{2600}}{\rm{*}}1000$

= 2319.23

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